After a brief historical introduction, this chapter will describe four types of digital tools for teacher feedback: digital annotation tools, text expansion tools, voice-to-text tools, and tools for audio and audio-visual feedback. Tools for such feedback have enabled instructors to comment with greater efficiency, clarity (avoiding the longstanding problem of students having to decipher scribbled remarks), and support. Today, most instructors (and all who teach online) ask students to send their (digitally produced) writing as email attachments or upload them to a learning management site or other cloud-based repository, allowing them, in turn, to provide digital feedback. After the introduction of word processing, students typically printed out and submitted hard copies of their final drafts, on which the instructor would handwrite comments. Before digital technology, students submitted handwritten or typed papers to their instructor, who responded with handwritten marginal and end comments, often with the infamous “red pen” (Dukes & Albenisi, 2013).
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